| 000 | 027590000a22005650004500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 911 | _aXL1989801041 | ||
| 901 | _aF63 | ||
| 903 | _aV | ||
| 904 | _aBCO | ||
| 905 | _aC | ||
| 906 | _a19890101 | ||
| 908 | _aJ | ||
| 909 | _aAS | ||
| 912 | _aEn | ||
| 912 | _aEn | ||
| 914 | _aCACAO | ||
| 914 | _aEXTRA | ||
| 082 | 0 | 4 |
_a633.74311 _bK21 |
| 100 | 1 |
_982492 _aKaufmann, T. |
|
| 260 | _c1975 | ||
| 041 | 0 | _aEn | |
| 500 | _a++ 2 tab. 10 ref. Sum. (En) | ||
| 520 | _aClose spacing of Theobroma cacao L., shade trees with large buttresses, and various ground substrates are essential to attract pollinating ceratopogonids to cocoa plantations. The midges breed throughout the year in Ghana, but their numbers fluctuate monthly as well as yearly depending upon the amount of rain. The most favorable weather for flight is under cloud cover. Different species have different sex ratios which can be determined only by breeding a large number of individuals. Loose batches of eggs are deposited in concealed recesses of moist, decomposing plant debris, as larvae feed on molds and fungi that grow on these media. Ceratopogonids are gregarious throughout life. Swarming activity enables males to find mates and females to oviposite. Mating takes place in flight. Dispersal flight, occuring twice daily, is multidirectional and limited to 5-6 m at a time. Of some 70 species of Ceratopogonidae found in Ghana, only 8 including 4 species of Forcipomyia, 2 species of Stilobezzia, and a species each of Culicoides and Atrichopogon, are common in cocoa flowers. Effective pollination by these insects is by no means simple; an average of 27.0 percent (6.5-60.0) of the total number of effectively pollinated flowers between February 1971 and December 1973 were attributed to these midges. | ||
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9166664 _aTHEOBROMA CACAO |
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9140049 _aCERATOPOGONIDAE |
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9159401 _aPOLINIZADORES |
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9145078 _aECOLOGIA ANIMAL |
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9137933 _aBIOLOGIA |
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9149317 _aGHANA |
| 650 | 1 | 4 |
_9134622 _aAFRICA OCCIDENTAL |
| 691 |
_9166664 _aTHEOBROMA CACAO |
||
| 691 |
_9140049 _aCERATOPOGONIDAE |
||
| 691 |
_9332628 _aPOLLINATORS |
||
| 691 |
_9305710 _aANIMAL ECOLOGY |
||
| 691 |
_9137954 _aBIOLOGY |
||
| 691 |
_9149317 _aGHANA |
||
| 691 |
_9343224 _aWEST AFRICA |
||
| 692 | _aTHEOBROMA CACAO | ||
| 692 | _aCERATOPOGONIDAE | ||
| 692 | _aPOLLINISATEUR | ||
| 692 | _aECOLOGIE ANIMALE | ||
| 692 | _aBIOLOGIE | ||
| 692 | _aGHANA | ||
| 692 | _aAFRIQUE OCCIDENTALE | ||
| 773 | 0 |
_tEnvironmental Entomology (EUA) _d1975 _gv. 4(2) p. 347-351 |
|
| 040 |
_aCR-TuBCO _cCR-TuBCO _bEs |
||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | _aEcology and behavior of cocoa pollinating Ceratopogonidae in Ghana, West Africa |
| 942 | _cANA | ||
| 003 | CR-TuBCO | ||
| 999 |
_c67514 _d67514 |
||